Elderberry: Clinical Applications
Welcome to the blog series Herb of the Month!
This week, we will be exploring the clinical applications of the edible, bluish purple berries known as Elderberries. There have been several in vitro and in vivo studies performed on this flowering berry plant – showcasing this herbs diverse benefits. The berries of Elderberry are packed with vitamin C, dietary fiber and antioxidants in the form phenolic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins. These beneficial compounds act as antioxidants, which protect your body from free radicals, which can cause cellular damage known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to chronic conditions such as high blood pressure & cholesterol, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, anemia, and even some cancers. Although there are many additional benefits to using Elderberry in your daily routine, the most notable use is for treatment & recovery from the common cold and influenza.
Recovery from Influenza & Other Respiratory Illnesses
Elderberries have traditionally been used for centuries as a supportive aid against influenza and the common cold. They have repeatedly shown to display antibacterial and antiviral effects in in vitro studies. One study published in the 2016 Nutrients Journal written by Evelin Tiralongo et al and entitled, “Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial,” aimed to investigate if Elderberry extract had beneficial effects on respiratory and mental health of 312 economy class passengers travelling from Australia to an overseas destination. They had the participants complete surveys 10 days before traveling, 2 days before traveling, and 4-5 days after reaching their destintaion. The results found that Elderberry was able to decrease the symptom load and reduce their cold duration by approximately 2-3 days.
Influenza A and B Study in Panama and Norway
Influezna is a common viral infection that can potentially pose severe to fatal risks to high-risk populations. In a 2004 study entitled “Randomized Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Elderberry Extract in the Treatment of Influenza A and B Virus Infections,” written by Z Zakay-Rones et al and published in The Journal of international medical research, they analyzed the effectiveness Elderberry had in treating influenza A symptoms. They compared their study to a prior placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study done in Panama. The prior elderberry study done in Panama showed a complete cure of influenza B achieved within 2 – 3 days in nearly 90% of the elderberry-treated group. All in all, elderberry extract proved to offer an efficient, safe, and cost-effective addition to the present arsenol of medications available for both influenza A and B.
Streptococcus, Influenza, and Upper Respiratory Infections
It’s well known that Elderberry is a supportive agaent for the common cold and influenza due to its antiviral and antibacterial effects. In a 2011 study published in BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies journal written by Christian Krawitz et al and entitled, “Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses,” they analyzed the potential antimicrobial activity of Elderberry syrup against several human bacterial and viral pathogens known to cause infections of the upper respiratory tract. The results indicated that Elderberry syrup was responsive towards 3 different bacteria strains of Streptococcus, a strain of bacterium (Branhamella catarrhalis), as well as influenza infections. This is the first time Elderberry syrup showed possession of antimicrobial activity.
Elderberry, Cytokines, & COVID-19
Many people showed interest in the use of Elderberry supplements at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to assist in treatment or prevention. However, there was growing concern on Elderberries potentionally overstimulating the immune system during COVID-19 infections. Elderberries contain anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid that produce immunomodulating and potentially anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, some evidence has shown an increase in inflammatory cytokines, while others also suggest a decrease in cytokines. It should also be noted that in some cases of COVID-19 infections, proinflammatory cytokines were overproduced, resulting in ‘cytokine storms'(when the cytokines begin to attack the cells and tissues of the body). This led to the increased risk of multiorgan failure and death in these cases.
Elderberry & Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections
In a recent 2021 research article entitled, “Elderberry for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory illnesses: a systematic review,” written by Susan Wieland et al and published in the BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies journal, they conducted a systematic review to determine the benefits and potential harms of elderberry for the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory infections. In addition, the review assessed the relationship between elderberry supplements and negative health impacts associated with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. They screened 1,187 different records and included five randomized trials on elderberry for the treatment or prevention of viral respiratory illness. Elderberry proved to have favorable effects on reducing the severity and duration of influenza and the common cold. Overall, they did not find any association with severe adverse effects, such as overstimulation of the immune system, upon ingestion.
Additional Health Benefits of Elderberry
High Cholesterol
The versatile herb, Elderberry, has long been revered for its medicinal purposes. However, new medicinal purposes for it are now beginning to be explored – such as reducing levels of harmful LDL cholesterol in our blood. A 2004 study published in European journal of clinical nutrition entitled, “Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study,” written by M Murkovic et al aimed to verify the results of a previous pilot study involving Elderberry and cholesterol levels. The results showed that even small doses, such as 5 ml of elderberry juice, may reduce blood cholesterol levels.
Hyperuricemia, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension
Elevated levels of uric acid has been linked to an increase in blood pressure as well as overall negative cardiovascular effects. The 2014 study published in Journal of Functional Foods entitled, “Advanced research on the antioxidant and health benefit of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) in food – a review,” written by Andrzej Sidor and Anna Gramza-Michałowska, analyzed the overall antioxident effects of elderberry. After analyzing many studies, they found that elderberry had positive effects on blood pressure, was able to reduce oxidative stress, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood plasma, and reduce uric acid levels. One of the reasons why is due to the polyphenols found in Elderberries. They have been shown to significantly improve endothelial cells functions (releasing substances that control vascular relaxation and contraction, as well as enzymes that control blood clotting, immune function and platelet adhesions).
Diabetes
There have been a handful of studies done proving Elderberry’s antioxidant properties can be beneficial for balancing out blood sugar in diabetes. A 2017 study entitled,”Effect of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) Extract Supplementation in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet,” written by Ângelo Salvador et al and published in the International journal of molecular sciences investigated the effects Elderberries supplements had on STZ-induced diabetic rats. The results showed that elderberry extract was able to balance the blood sugar levels and help reduce insulin resistance. Further studies would be required to identify the effects in humans.
Final Recommendations
Here are Nancy’s Elderberry recommendations from Fullscript:
Nancy recommends taking 1 teaspoon, once a day, of the elderberry syrup as a preventative measure. However, if you feel as if you are coming down with a bug, then increase to 1 teaspoon three times daily. Make sure you do not ingest uncooked leaves, stems, and leaves! You can drink the infusion, also known as tea, daily though – best drank when already under the weather. Both products are safe for children to consume. It is highly recommended that you consult with a registered clinical herbalist or natural health practitioner trained in clinical herbalism for more resistant and deeper set health issues. They will be able to give more tailored suggested servings and daily frequencies.
Remember to join us each month as we explore the history, personality, clinical application, and more of Nancy’s favorite plants. Get a snippet of the properties and practical uses of these herbs and how they supported the health of our ancestors as well as how they can support us in our present day.
Resources:
Welcome to the blog series Herb of the Month!
This week, we will be exploring the clinical applications of the edible, bluish purple berries known as Elderberries. There have been several in vitro and in vivo studies performed on this flowering berry plant – showcasing this herbs diverse benefits. The berries of Elderberry are packed with vitamin C, dietary fiber and antioxidants in the form phenolic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins. These beneficial compounds act as antioxidants, which protect your body from free radicals, which can cause cellular damage known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to chronic conditions such as high blood pressure & cholesterol, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, anemia, and even some cancers. Although there are many additional benefits to using Elderberry in your daily routine, the most notable use is for treatment & recovery from the common cold and influenza.
Recovery from Influenza & Other Respiratory Illnesses
Elderberries have traditionally been used for centuries as a supportive aid against influenza and the common cold. They have repeatedly shown to display antibacterial and antiviral effects in in vitro studies. One study published in the 2016 Nutrients Journal written by Evelin Tiralongo et al and entitled, “Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial,” aimed to investigate if Elderberry extract had beneficial effects on respiratory and mental health of 312 economy class passengers travelling from Australia to an overseas destination. They had the participants complete surveys 10 days before traveling, 2 days before traveling, and 4-5 days after reaching their destintaion. The results found that Elderberry was able to decrease the symptom load and reduce their cold duration by approximately 2-3 days.
Influenza A and B Study in Panama and Norway
Influezna is a common viral infection that can potentially pose severe to fatal risks to high-risk populations. In a 2004 study entitled “Randomized Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Elderberry Extract in the Treatment of Influenza A and B Virus Infections,” written by Z Zakay-Rones et al and published in The Journal of international medical research, they analyzed the effectiveness Elderberry had in treating influenza A symptoms. They compared their study to a prior placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study done in Panama. The prior elderberry study done in Panama showed a complete cure of influenza B achieved within 2 – 3 days in nearly 90% of the elderberry-treated group. All in all, elderberry extract proved to offer an efficient, safe, and cost-effective addition to the present arsenol of medications available for both influenza A and B.
Streptococcus, Influenza, and Upper Respiratory Infections
It’s well known that Elderberry is a supportive agaent for the common cold and influenza due to its antiviral and antibacterial effects. In a 2011 study published in BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies journal written by Christian Krawitz et al and entitled, “Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses,” they analyzed the potential antimicrobial activity of Elderberry syrup against several human bacterial and viral pathogens known to cause infections of the upper respiratory tract. The results indicated that Elderberry syrup was responsive towards 3 different bacteria strains of Streptococcus, a strain of bacterium (Branhamella catarrhalis), as well as influenza infections. This is the first time Elderberry syrup showed possession of antimicrobial activity.
Elderberry, Cytokines, & COVID-19
Many people showed interest in the use of Elderberry supplements at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to assist in treatment or prevention. However, there was growing concern on Elderberries potentionally overstimulating the immune system during COVID-19 infections. Elderberries contain anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid that produce immunomodulating and potentially anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, some evidence has shown an increase in inflammatory cytokines, while others also suggest a decrease in cytokines. It should also be noted that in some cases of COVID-19 infections, proinflammatory cytokines were overproduced, resulting in ‘cytokine storms'(when the cytokines begin to attack the cells and tissues of the body). This led to the increased risk of multiorgan failure and death in these cases.
Elderberry & Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections
In a recent 2021 research article entitled, “Elderberry for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory illnesses: a systematic review,” written by Susan Wieland et al and published in the BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies journal, they conducted a systematic review to determine the benefits and potential harms of elderberry for the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory infections. In addition, the review assessed the relationship between elderberry supplements and negative health impacts associated with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. They screened 1,187 different records and included five randomized trials on elderberry for the treatment or prevention of viral respiratory illness. Elderberry proved to have favorable effects on reducing the severity and duration of influenza and the common cold. Overall, they did not find any association with severe adverse effects, such as overstimulation of the immune system, upon ingestion.
Additional Health
Benefits of Elderberry
High Cholesterol
The versatile herb, Elderberry, has long been revered for its medicinal purposes. However, new medicinal purposes for it are now beginning to be explored – such as reducing levels of harmful LDL cholesterol in our blood. A 2004 study published in European journal of clinical nutrition entitled, “Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study,” written by M Murkovic et al aimed to verify the results of a previous pilot study involving Elderberry and cholesterol levels. The results showed that even small doses, such as 5 ml of elderberry juice, may reduce blood cholesterol levels.
Hyperuricemia, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension
Elevated levels of uric acid has been linked to an increase in blood pressure as well as overall negative cardiovascular effects. The 2014 study published in Journal of Functional Foods entitled, “Advanced research on the antioxidant and health benefit of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) in food – a review,” written by Andrzej Sidor and Anna Gramza-Michałowska, analyzed the overall antioxident effects of elderberry. After analyzing many studies, they found that elderberry had positive effects on blood pressure, was able to reduce oxidative stress, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood plasma, and reduce uric acid levels. One of the reasons why is due to the polyphenols found in Elderberries. They have been shown to significantly improve endothelial cells functions (releasing substances that control vascular relaxation and contraction, as well as enzymes that control blood clotting, immune function and platelet adhesions).
Diabetes
There have been a handful of studies done proving Elderberry’s antioxidant properties can be beneficial for balancing out blood sugar in diabetes. A 2017 study entitled,”Effect of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) Extract Supplementation in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet,” written by Ângelo Salvador et al and published in the International journal of molecular sciences investigated the effects Elderberries supplements had on STZ-induced diabetic rats. The results showed that elderberry extract was able to balance the blood sugar levels and help reduce insulin resistance. Further studies would be required to identify the effects in humans.
Final Recommendations
Here are Nancy’s Elderberry recommendations from Fullscript:
Nancy recommends taking 1 teaspoon, once a day, of the elderberry syrup as a preventative measure. However, if you feel as if you are coming down with a bug, then increase to 1 teaspoon three times daily. Make sure you do not ingest uncooked leaves, stems, and leaves! You can drink the infusion, also known as tea, daily though – best drank when already under the weather. Both products are safe for children to consume. It is highly recommended that you consult with a registered clinical herbalist or natural health practitioner trained in clinical herbalism for more resistant and deeper set health issues. They will be able to give more tailored suggested servings and daily frequencies.
Remember to join us each month as we explore the history, personality, clinical application, and more of Nancy’s favorite plants. Get a snippet of the properties and practical uses of these herbs and how they supported the health of our ancestors as well as how they can support us in our present day.
Resources: